What the framework does
A framework provides the intellectual lens for the study. It helps organize concepts, relationships, assumptions, and interpretation. A strong framework should be visible in the research questions, literature review, data collection or measurement decisions, and interpretation of findings.
Theoretical vs. conceptual
A theoretical framework generally applies an established theory or set of theories. A conceptual framework may organize relevant concepts, models, and scholarly literature into a structure suited to the study. Terminology varies by university, so your program's dissertation guide takes priority.
Finding a defensible framework
- Return to the problem and phenomenon or variables.
- Identify theories and models repeatedly used in the scholarly literature.
- Locate seminal or foundational sources when appropriate.
- Review recent applications of the framework in similar research.
- Explain why this framework fits your study—not merely what the framework says.
Common problem: A framework section becomes a history lesson about a theory. The dissertation still needs to explain how the framework actually informs this specific study.
Framework alignment checklist
- The framework is relevant to the research problem.
- Key concepts are defined using scholarly sources.
- The framework connects to the research questions.
- The framework influences data collection, variables, interview questions, or interpretation as appropriate.
- The study explains how findings will be considered through the framework.